A migraine is an extremely traumatizing condition that results in a throbbing and excruciating pain on one side of the head. The condition is often complemented by nausea, unsettled stomach and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine attacks can last from a few hours to several days. Significant warning signs, such as excessive hunger or yawning may occur before the headache.

The most common treatment option for migraines includes taking medications. These medications, combined with some lifestyle modifications can be very helpful in treating the condition.

Symptoms of a migraine
The first symptoms of migraine usually manifest in childhood or early adulthood. Broadly, the condition can be divided into 4 stages: prodrome, aura, headache, and post-drome. You may or may not experience all four stages during a migraine attack.

Prodrome
This stage occurs one two days before the headache. Common symptoms of this stage include:

• Mood changes
• Stiffness in the neck
• Food cravings
• Constipation
• Increased thirst
• Frequent yawning

Aura
This occurs before or during the migraine headache. Common symptoms include:

• Vision loss
• Difficulty in speaking
• Weakness or numbness in the face or body
• Tingling sensation in the arms and legs
• Visual phenomena, such as flashes of light or bright spots
• Uncontrollable jerking

It is important to note that not all people having migraine experience aura.

Attack
A migraine usually lasts from three to 72 hours, if left untreated. Also, migraine attacks may occur several times a month. Common symptoms of an attack include:

• Blurred vision
• Sensitivity to sound, light and sometimes touch
• Pulsating pain on one or both sides of the head
• Nausea and vomiting
• Lightheadedness
• Fainting

Post-drome
This is the last stage that occurs after the attack. This usually lasts for up to 24 hours after the attack and includes symptoms such as:

• Moodiness
• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Weakness
• Sensitivity to light and sound

Causes of a migraine attack
The exact causes of migraines are yet unknown. However, many researchers attribute genetics and environmental factors as the primary triggers.

It is believed that migraines are caused due to changes in the brainstem as well as in the way it interacts with the trigeminal nerve, a significant pain pathway. Other than that, irregularities in the brain chemicals, such as serotonin, which helps to control pain in the nervous system, can also lead to migraine.

Migraine triggers
There are certain factors that trigger migraines. These include:

• Fluctuations in the levels of estrogen in the body can lead to migraine attacks. This happens immediately before or after the menstrual cycle.
• Certain food items such as salty foods, processed foods, and aged cheeses can trigger migraines. Following an erratic diet pattern can also lead to migraines.
• Alcoholic beverages and highly caffeinated drinks can also contribute to the condition.
• Monosodium glutamate (MSG) or the synthetic sweetener aspartame may trigger a migraine.
• A sudden change in weather conditions or outside environment may lead to a migraine attack.
• Certain medications, such as vasodilators or oral contraceptives can aggravate migraines

It is important to avoid these triggers to effectively control the condition and keep it in check. It is recommended to consult your doctor for medications and home remedies.